NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS AS A HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION MECHANISM: THE CASES OF THE OMBUDSMAN AND HUMAN RIGHTS AND EQUALITY INSTITUTION OF TURKEY "Competence and Responsibilities", "Composition and Guarantees of Independence and Pluralism", "Methods of Operation" and "Additional Principles Concerning the Status of Commissions With Quasi-Jurisdictional Competence". Considering that the Paris Principles were adopted in 1993, the report also takes into account other documents created at international level from that date onwards. These documents are the Model National Legislation for the Guidance of Governments in the Enactment of Further Legislation Against Racial Discrimination adopted in 1996 as a result of the activity initiated upon the request of the Secretariat General of the United Nations for the purpose of creating a model for use by states as a guide or basis for drawing up legislation against racial discrimination (hereinafter referred to as "UN Model Legislation");9 General Policy Recommendation No. 2 of 1997 revised by the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) in 201710 (hereinafter referred to as "ECRI GPT2"), Article 13 of the Directive No. 2000/43/EC of the European Union imposing the liability of establishing an equality institution,11 Article 12 of the Directive No. 2004/113/EC,12 Article 20 of the Directive No. 2006/54/EC,13 Article 11 of the Directive No. 2010/41/EU,14 Article 15 of the Directive No. 2019/115815 and the Recommendation of the European Commission of June 22, 2018.16 A number of standards covered in these documents and not covered in the Paris Principles are also included in the evaluation. It should be noted that the most detailed regulations are covered by ECRI GPT2 out of these documents. While the EU directives referred to in the study introduce obligations for equality institutions, they seem to be quite superficial for the issue. After putting forth the international standards for equality institutions, the study makes an evaluation regarding the international standards by also making use of the indicators prepared by the European Network of Equality Bodies (EQUINET)17. The following matters touched upon by the Paris Principles, a text regarding national human rights institutions, must also be taken into consideration for equality institutions. Therefore, it will be appropriate to interpret references made by the study to national institutions in a way to include equality institutions. 9 Model National Legislation for the Guidance of Governments in the Enactment of Further Legislation Against Racial Discrimination, UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 1996, HR/PUB/96/2), www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Discrimination962en.pdf (accessed: July 31, 2020) 10 ECRI General Policy Recommendation No2 revised on Equality Bodies to combat racism and intolerance at national level, http:// rm.coe.int/ecri-general-policy-/16808b5a23 (accessed: July 31, 2020). 11 Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin, OJ L 180, 19.7.2000, p. 22–26, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32000L0043&from=EN (accessed: July 31, 2020). 12 Council Directive 2004/113/EC of 13 December 2004 implementing the principle of equal treatment between men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services, OJ L 373, 21.12.2004, p. 37–43, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ HTML/?uri=CELEX:32004L0113&from=EN (accessed: July 31, 2020). 13 Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast), OJ L 204, 26.7.2006, p. 23–36, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32006L0054&from=EN (accessed: July 31, 2020). 14 Directive 2010/41/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2010 on the application of the principle of equal treatment between men and women engaged in an activity in a self-employed capacity and repealing Council Directive 86/613/ EEC, OJ L 180, 15.7.2010, p. 1–6, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32010L0041&from=EN (accessed: July 31, 2020). 15 Directive (EU) 2019/1158 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on work-life balance for parents and carers and repealing Council Directive 2010/18/EU, OJ L 188, 12.7.2019, p. 79–93, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32019L1158&qid=1596972173675&from=EN (accessed: July 31, 2020). 16 Commission Recommendation of 22.06.2018 on standards for equality bodies, European Commission, Brussels, 22.6.2018, C(2018) 3850 final, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/2_en_act_part1_v4.pdf (accessed: July 31, 2020). 17 European Network of Equality Bodies, EQUINET Project on Standards for Equality Bodies, Mandate-Indicators, https://equineteurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/NEB_Mandate_indicators.pdf (accessed: July 31, 2020). 9