INTRODUCTION the headlines that carry rejection to the discrimination at the beginning of this chapter, also carry many discriminatory slogans to their headlines. To find examples of both cases, -a quick look to the Hrant Dink Foundation's Hate Speech and Discrimination Discourse reports, regularly published since 2009, will be sufficient. These reports are clear examples of the fact that members of the majority group in any country complain of discrimination when they feel victimized and continue to discriminate when they are privileged. Moreover, their reference frames do not allow them to see that as a contradiction. Therefore, to define discriminatory acts as discriminatory requires a struggle - often by minority group members- to ensure that the basis of the action is illegitimate for the majority as well, since it is performed mostly by the majority or dominant group. In this sense, just as the “old” frame of reference, which causes discrimination, is a construction, the “new” frame of reference that makes it possible discrimination to be grasped in a consciousness level also needs to be constructed. In Turkey, the civil society organizations which struggle for human rights initiated this act of construction. The foundation of the Human Rights Association in 1986, and the Human Rights Foundation in 1990; followed with the establishment of the Helsinki Citizens' Assembly in 1993. We know that these organizations started with the activities aiming to prevent the state from the violation of the constitutional rights of individuals and to promote the development of democratic rights in the country. On the other hand, the 1980s were the years when the independent feminist movement was getting organized. In 1987, The Women's Organization Against Discrimination was explicitly established to fight against gender-based discrimination. In 1985, Turkey being a signatory country of the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which adopted by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 1979, had affected The Women's Organization Against Discrimination to identify the aims of their struggle. By the time the association mentioned above starts fighting for the realization of Convention objectives. In other words, while non-governmental organizations weakening the "old" reference framework based on discrimination in the country by carrying out activities for the implementation of the international legal texts signed by the state and fighting against the violation of rights; the discriminatory norms, and the agents of these norms try to maintain the "old" reference framework. We witness that this confrontation highly escalated after the 2000s. Between 2001 and 2004, the Turkish Grand National Assembly legalized eight EU harmonization packages and two constitutional packages aiming at entering the European Union. Some of these include regulations that aim to prevent discrimination. The European Commission has been also offering various funds to identify and 9